Primary Submission Category: Randomized Studies
Adjusting for Incomplete Baseline Covariates in Randomized Controlled Trials: A Cross-World Imputation Framework
Authors: Yilin Song, Ting Ye, James Hughes,
Presenting Author: Yilin Song*
In randomized controlled trials, adjusting for baseline covariates is often applied to improve the precision of treatment effect estimation. However, missingness in covariates is common. Recently, Zhao & Ding (2022) studied two simple strategies, the single imputation method and the missingness indicator method (MIM), to deal with missing covariates, and showed that both methods can provide efficiency gain. To better understand and compare these two strategies, we propose and investigate a novel imputation framework termed cross-world imputation (CWI), which includes single imputation and MIM as special cases. Through the lens of CWI, we show that MIM implicitly searches for the optimal CWI values and thus achieves optimal efficiency. We also derive conditions under which the single imputation method, by searching for the optimal single imputation values, can achieve the same asymptotic efficiency as the MIM. We illustrate our findings through simulation studies and a real data analysis based on the Childhood Adenotonsillectomy Trial.